Amber, fossilized tree resin, captivates with its warm glow and ancient history. But its desirability makes it a prime target for counterfeiters. Knowing how to distinguish real amber from imitations is crucial for both buyers and collectors. This guide will equip you with the knowledge to confidently identify genuine amber.
What is Amber, and Why is it So Valuable?
Before diving into identification methods, let's understand what makes amber so special. Amber is formed from the fossilized resin of ancient trees, a process that can take millions of years. Its unique properties—translucency, warm hues ranging from honey yellow to deep red, and often containing inclusions (insects, plant matter)—make it highly prized. This value, unfortunately, fuels the market for imitations.
How to Identify Real Amber: Key Tests and Methods
Several methods can help distinguish authentic amber from its counterfeits, often made from plastic, glass, or copal (younger resin). Here are some of the most effective:
1. The Saltwater Test:
This is a simple, widely used test. Amber has a lower density than saltwater.
- Procedure: Mix a solution of equal parts salt and water. Submerge the suspected amber piece. Real amber will float; most imitations will sink. Note: This test isn't foolproof, as some plastics may also float.
2. The Heat Test (Use with Caution!):
This test involves applying heat to a small, inconspicuous area of the piece.
- Procedure: Gently heat a needle or pin and touch it to the suspected amber. Real amber will produce a pine-like scent. Plastics will often melt or give off a harsh, chemical odor. Warning: This method can damage the piece, so proceed with extreme caution and only on a small, hidden area.
3. The UV Light Test:
Many types of amber fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light.
- Procedure: Expose the suspected amber to a UV light. Genuine amber typically exhibits a blueish or greenish fluorescence, although the intensity varies depending on the type of amber. However, some plastics also fluoresce, making this test inconclusive on its own.
4. The Friction Test:
Rubbing amber creates static electricity.
- Procedure: Rub the amber against a piece of wool or your hair. Real amber will attract small pieces of paper or lint due to static electricity. This isn't a definitive test, as some plastics may also exhibit static cling.
5. Examining Inclusions:
Authentic amber often contains inclusions—ancient insects, plant fragments, or air bubbles.
- Procedure: Carefully examine the piece under magnification. If you see inclusions, they should appear three-dimensional and naturally embedded in the amber, not just painted or glued on. Counterfeits often have poorly rendered or artificial-looking inclusions.
6. Examining the Surface:
Authentic amber often has a naturally occurring, slightly uneven surface texture.
- Procedure: Observe the surface closely. Real amber may show subtle pits, imperfections, or striations indicative of its natural formation. Perfectly smooth surfaces often suggest a fake.
How Can You Be Certain It’s Real Amber?
While the above tests provide valuable clues, the only definitive way to determine if a piece is genuine amber is through professional gemological testing. Gemologists employ advanced techniques and instruments to accurately analyze amber’s properties and identify any potential imitations.
Why You Shouldn’t Rely on Only One Test
It's crucial to remember that relying on a single test is not sufficient for accurate identification. Combine several of the methods described above for a more reliable assessment. Remember that even using multiple tests doesn't guarantee 100% accuracy without professional examination.
Frequently Asked Questions (PAAs)
How can you tell if amber is real or fake without a UV light?
While a UV light is helpful, you can still employ the saltwater test, heat test (with caution), friction test, and careful examination of inclusions and surface texture. However, without UV light, the identification process becomes slightly less definitive.
What does real amber smell like when burned?
Real amber produces a distinct pine-like or slightly sweet scent when heated carefully. Avoid burning it completely; just a gentle heat is needed for the scent test. Never burn large amounts of amber.
How much does real amber cost?
The price of real amber varies significantly depending on factors like size, quality, color, clarity, and inclusions. Prices can range from relatively inexpensive for smaller, less-refined pieces to extremely high for rare, large specimens with exceptional inclusions.
Does real amber float in water?
No, real amber doesn't float in regular water. However, it floats in a saturated salt water solution due to its relatively lower density.
Is there a way to test amber without damaging it?
The saltwater test and the observation of inclusions and surface texture are generally non-destructive. The UV light test also typically doesn't damage the amber. However, the heat test should be performed with extreme caution and only on a very small, inconspicuous area.
By understanding these techniques and combining multiple tests, you'll be much better equipped to distinguish real amber from its imitations, ensuring you acquire authentic pieces with confidence. Remember, when in doubt, consult a professional gemologist.
